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计算机外文文献及翻译(SSH)
篇一:近五年ssh纯英文参考文献
附录A
History
Duke, the Java mascotJames Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office; it went by the name Green later, and was later renamed Java, from a list of random words.Gosling aimed to implement a virtual machine and a language that had a familiar C/C++ style of notation.
Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995. It promised "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE
1.2 in December 1998–1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. For example, J2EE targeted enterprise applications and the greatly stripped-down version J2ME for mobile applications (Mobile Java). J2SE designated the Standard Edition. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE, Java ME, and Java SE, respectively.
In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. Java remains a de facto standard, controlled through the Java Community Process. At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System. Sun distinguishes between its Software Development Kit (SDK) and Runtime Environment (JRE) (a subset of the SDK); the primary distinction involves the JRE's lack of the compiler, utility programs, and header files.On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of Java as open source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of Java's core code available under free software/open-source distribution terms, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.Sun's vice-president Rich Green has said that Sun's ideal role with regards to Java is as an "evangelist." Following Oracle Corporation's acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2009–2010, Oracle has described itself as the "steward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency".
PrinciplesThere were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:1.It should be "simple, object oriented, and familiar"、2.It should be "robust and secure".
3.It should be "architecture neutral and portable"、4.It should execute with "high performance"、5.It should be "interpreted, threaded, and dynamic".
Java PlatformMain articles: Java (software platform) and Java Virtual Machine One characteristic of Java is portability, which means that computer programs written in the Java language must run similarly on any supported hardware/operating-system platform. This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode, instead of directly to platform-specific machine code. Java bytecode instructions are analogous to machine code, but are intended to be interpreted by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for the host hardware. End-users commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their own machine for standalone Java applications, or in a Web browser for Java applets. Standardized libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, threading, and networking.
A major benefit of using bytecode is porting. However, the overhead of interpretation means that interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than programs compiled to native executables would. Just-in-Time compilers were introduced from an early stage that compile bytecodes to machine code during runtime.ImplementationsSun Microsystems officially licenses the Java Standard Edition platform for Linux, Mac OS X, and Solaris. Although in the past Sun has licensed Java to Microsoft, the license has expired and has not been renewed. Through a network of third-party vendors and licensees, alternative Java environments are available for these and other platforms.
Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all implementations be "compatible". This resulted in a legal dispute with Microsoft after Sun claimed that the Microsoft implementation did not support RMI or JNI and had added platform-specific features of their own. Sun sued in 1997, and in 2001 won a settlement of US$20 million, as well as a court order enforcing the terms of the license from Sun. As a result, Microsoft no longer ships Java with Windows, and in recent versions of Windows, Internet Explorer cannot support Java applets without a third-party plugin. Sun, and others, have made available free Java run-time systems for those and other versions of Windows.Platform-independent Java is essential to the Java EE strategy, and an even more rigorous validation is required to certify an implementation. This environment enables portable server-side applications, such as Web services, Java Servlets, and Enterprise JavaBeans, as well as with embedded systems based on OSGi, using Embedded Java environments. Through the new GlassFish project, Sun is working to create a fully functional, unified open source implementation of the Java EE technologies.Sun also distributes a superset of the JRE called the Java Development Kit (commonly known as the
JDK), which includes development tools such as the Java compiler, Javadoc, Jar, and debugger.
Java performance and garbage collectors
Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in C. However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with the introduction of Just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java
1.1, the addition of language features supporting better code analysis (such as inner classes, StringBuffer class, optional assertions, etc.), and optimizations in the Java Virtual Machine itself, such as HotSpot becoming the default for Sun's JVM in 2000. Currently, Java code has approximately half the performance of C code.
Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are microcontrollers that can run java in hardware instead of a software JVM, and ARM based processors can have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through its Jazelle option. Automatic memory managementJava uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle. The programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an object remain, the unreachable memory becomes eligible to be freed automatically by the garbage collector. Something similar to a memory leak may still occur if a programmer's code holds a reference to an object that is no longer needed, typically when objects that are no longer needed are stored in containers that are still in use. If methods for a nonexistent object are called, a "null pointer exception" is thrown.
One of the ideas behind Java's automatic memory management model is that programmers can be spared the burden of having to perform manual memory management. In some languages, memory for the creation of objects is implicitly allocated on the stack, or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap. In the latter case the responsibility of managing memory resides with the programmer. If the program does not deallocate an object, a memory leak occurs. If the program attempts to access or deallocate memory that has already been deallocated, the result is undefined and difficult to predict, and the program is likely to become unstable and/or crash. This can be partially remedied by the use of smart pointers, but these add overhead and complexity. Note that garbage collection does not prevent "logical" memory leaks, i.e. those where the memory is still referenced but never used.
Garbage collection may happen at any time. Ideally, it will occur when a program is idle. It is guaranteed to be triggered if there is insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate a new object; this can cause a program to stall momentarily. Explicit memory management is not possible in Java.
Java does not support C/C++ style pointer arithmetic, where object addresses and unsigned integers (usually long integers) can be used interchangeably. This allows the garbage collector to relocate referenced
objects and ensures type safety and security. As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's primitive data types are not objects. Values of primitive types are either stored directly in fields (for objects) or on the stack (for methods) rather than on the heap, as commonly true for objects (but see Escape analysis). This was a conscious decision by Java's designers for performance reasons. Because of this, Java was not considered to be a pure object-oriented programming language. However, as of Java 5.0, autoboxing enables programmers to proceed as if primitive types were instances of their wrapper class. Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors. By default, HotSpot uses the Concurrent Mark Sweep collector, also known as the CMS Garbage Collector. However, there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used to manage the Heap. For 90% of applications in Java, the CMS Garbage Collector is good enough.
A class that is not declared public may be stored in any .java file. The compiler will generate a class file for each class defined in the source file. The name of the class file is the name of the class, with .class appended. For class file generation, anonymous classes are treated as if their name were the concatenation of the name of their enclosing class, a $, and an integer.
The keyword public denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes, or that a class may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located.
The keyword static in front of a method indicates a static method, which is associated only with the class and not with any specific instance of that class. Only static methods can be invoked without a reference to an object. Static methods cannot access any method variables that are not static.
The keyword void indicates that the main method does not return any value to the caller. If a Java program is to exit with an error code, it must call System.exit() explicitly.
The method name "main" is not a keyword in the Java language. It is simply the name of the method the Java launcher calls to pass control to the program. Java classes that run in managed environments such as applets and Enterprise JavaBean do not use or need a main() method. A java program may contain multiple classes that have main methods, which means that the VM needs to be explicitly told which class to launch from.
The main method must accept an array of String objects. By convention, it is referenced as args although any other legal identifier name can be used. Since Java 5, the main method can also use variable arguments, in the form of public static void main(String... args), allowing the main method to be invoked with an arbitrary number of String arguments. The effect of this alternate declaration is semantically identical (the args parameter is still an array of String objects), but allows an alternative syntax for creating and passing the array.
The Java launcher launches Java by loading a given class (specified on the command line or as an attribute in a JAR) and starting its public static void main(String[]) method. Stand-alone programs must declare this method explicitly. The String[] args parameter is an array of String objects containing any arguments passed to the class. The parameters to main are often passed by means of a command line.
Criticism of Java
A number of criticisms have been leveled at Java programming language for various design choices in the language and platform. Such criticisms include the implementation of generics, the handling of unsigned numbers, the implementation of floating-point arithmetic, and security vulnerabilities. Class libraries
Java Platform and Class libraries diagramJava libraries are the compiled bytecodes of source code developed by the JRE implementor to support application development in Java. Examples of these libraries are:
The core libraries, which include:
Collection libraries that implement data structures such as lists, dictionaries, trees, sets, queues and double-ended queue, or stacks
XML Processing (Parsing, Transforming, Validating) libraries
Security
Internationalization and localization libraries近五年ssh纯英文参考文献。
The integration libraries, which allow the application writer to communicate with external systems. These libraries include:
The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API for database access
Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) for lookup and discovery RMI and CORBA for distributed application development
JMX for managing and monitoring applications
User interface libraries, which include:
The (heavyweight, or native) Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), which provides GUI components, the means for laying out those components and the means for handling events from those components近五年ssh纯英文参考文献。
The (lightweight) Swing libraries, which are built on AWT but provide (non-native) implementations of the AWT widgetry
APIs for audio capture, processing, and playback
A platform dependent implementation of Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that is the means by which the byte codes of the Java libraries and third party applications are executed
Plugins, which enable applets to be run in Web browsers
Java Web Start, which allows Java applications to be efficiently distributed to end-users across the Internet
Licensing and documentation.
DocumentationMain article: Javadoc
Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems, used by many Java developers. It provides developers with an
SSH集成框架文献综述
篇二:近五年ssh纯英文参考文献
单位代码 01
学 号 090101001
分 类 号 TP312
密 级近五年ssh纯英文参考文献。
文献综述
SSH集成框架业务逻辑的实现方法
院（系）名称
专 业 名 称 信息工程学院 计算机科学与技术
学 生 姓 名 秦江辉
指 导 教 师
冯灵霞
2013年3月20
SSH集成框架业务逻辑的实现方法
摘 要
SSH 是 Struts+Spring+Hibernate的集成框架的简称，是目前较流行的一种Web应用程序开源框架。
Struts,Spring,Hibernate这三大框架在Web应用中不是孤立执行而是相互关联，相互支持的。这就使集成了SSH框架的系统在职责上的四层：表示层、业务逻辑层、数据持久层和域模块层密切联系，最大化地实现SSH集成框架的功能。本文重点从系统的业务逻辑层出发，深入的阐述SSH集成框架在系统中的业务逻辑实现方法。在各个层中功能交互，逻辑连接的实现方法。概述了业务逻辑，业务逻辑在系统中的具体表现以及它的特征和它在系统中经常出现的问题。在了解了业务逻辑的基本概念后，进入本文的核心内容：SSH集成框架业务逻辑的实现方法。
关键词：业务逻辑，SSH集成框架，Web，实现方法
目 录
SSH集成框架业务逻辑的实现方法 ........................................................................................ 1
1业务逻辑简述 ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.1业务逻辑的概述............................................................................................................. 3
1.2业务逻辑的特征............................................................................................................. 3
2 SSH集成框架简述 ................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Struts ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Spring ..................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Hibernate ................................................................................................................ 4
3 SSH集成框架业务逻辑的实现方法 ..................................................................................... 5
结 论 .................................................................................................................................... 8
参考文献 .................................................................................................................................... 9
1业务逻辑简述
1.1业务逻辑的概述
什么是业务逻辑？所谓业务逻辑就是业务规则：除了简单的增删改查的数据访问之外，还会涉及到一些复杂的功能流程和功能要求，这些被称为业务逻辑。就像在论坛用户注册：包括要向邮箱发送电子邮件：如果发送失败,则注册失败[1]。
1.2业务逻辑的特征
业务逻辑的特征：与数据操作的关系可能包含多次数据操作，可能同时包含数据操作和非数据操作，可能只有非数据操作。业务逻辑在维护方面的特征：在业务逻辑运行过程中表示策略的逻辑通常会经常修改。所以在实现业务逻辑的过程中我们会遇到很多需要解决的问题：多次数据操作时：如何使这些逻辑实现方法处于同一session下，非数据库事务与数据库事务如何归整到同一事务，复杂的权限控制会置于业务逻辑中，如何优化这些繁琐的代码？.如何处理业务规则频繁变化？这些就是我们接下来介绍的SSH集成框架所要解决的问题[1]。
2 SSH集成框架简述 2.1 Struts
Struts是通过采用JavaServlet/JSP技术，实现了基于Java EE Web应用的MVC设计模式的应用框架。使用Struts可以减少我们在运用MVC设计模型来开发Web应用的时间。在服务器启动后，Struts根据web.xml加载ActionServlet读取struts-config.xml文件内容到内存[3] 。
2.2 Spring
Spring是为了解决企业应用开发的复杂性而创建的。Spring是基于JavaBean来完成以前只可能由EJB完成的事情。Spring的用途不仅用于服务器端的开发，从简单性、可测试性和松耦合的角度而言，任何Java应用都可以从Spring中受益[4] 。
2.3 Hibernate
Hibernate是一个开放源代码的对象关系映射框架，它对JDBC进行了非常轻量级的对象封装，使得Java程序员可以随心所欲的使用对象编程思维来操纵数据库。 Hibernate可以应用在任何使用JDBC的场合，既可以在Java的客户端程序使用，也可以在JavaServlet/JSP的Web应用中使用，最具革命意义的是，Hibernate可以在应用EJB的Java应用中。
JSP技术与SSH技术中英文对照外文翻译文献
篇三:近五年ssh纯英文参考文献
中英文对照外文翻译
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
JSP technology and mainstream open-source framework for JAVAEE
1. JSP Profile
JSP (Java Server Pages) is initiated by Sun Microsystems, Inc., with many companies to participate in the establishment of a dynamic web page technical standards. JSP technology somewhat similar to ASP technology, it is in the traditional HTML web page document (*.htm, *. html) to insert the Java programming paragraph (Scriptlet) and JSP tag (tag), thus JSP documents (*.jsp). Using JSP development of the Web application is cross-platform that can run on Linux, is also available for other operating systems.
JSP technology to use the Java programming language prepared by the category of XML tags and scriptlets, to produce dynamic pages package processing logic. Page also visit by tags and scriptlets exist in the services side of the resources of logic. JSP page logic and web page design and display separation, support reusable
component-based design, Web-based application development is rapid and easy.
Web server in the face of visits JSP page request, the first implementation of the procedures of, and then together with the results of the implementation of JSP documents in HTML code with the return to the customer. Insert the Java programming operation of the database can be re-oriented websites, in order to achieve the establishment of dynamic pages needed to function.JSP and Java Servlet, is in the implementation of the server, usually returned to the client is an HTML text, as long as the client browser will be able to visit.
JSP 1.0 specification of the final version is launched in September 1999, December has introduced 1.1 specifications. At present relatively new is JSP1.2 norms, JSP2.0 norms of the draft has also been introduced.
JSP pages from HTML code and Java code embedded in one of the components. The server was in the pages of client requests after the Java code and then will generate the HTML pages to return to the client browser. Java Servlet JSP is the technical foundation and large-scale Web application development needs of Java Servlet and JSP support to complete. JSP with the Java technology easy to use, fully object-oriented, and a platform-independent and secure mainly for all the characteristics of the Internet. JSP technology strength: (1) time to prepare, run everywhere. At this point Java better than PHP, in addition to systems, the code not to make any changes.(2) the multi-platform support. Basically on all platforms of any development environment, in any environment for deployment in any environment in the expansion. Compared ASP / PHP limitations are obvious. (3) a strong scalability. From only a small Jar documents can run Servlet / JSP, to the multiple servers clustering and load balancing, to multiple Application for transaction processing, information processing, a server to numerous servers, Java shows a tremendous Vitality. (4) diver sification and powerful development tools support. This is similar to the ASP, Java already have many very good development tools, and many can be free, and many of them have been able to run on a variety of platforms under. JSP technology vulnerable：(1) and the same ASP, Java is the advantage of some of its fatal problem. It is precisely because in order to cross-platform functionality, in order to extreme stretching capacity, greatly increasing the complexity of the product. (2) Java's speed is class to complete the permanent memory, so in some cases by the use of memory compared to the number of users is indeed a "minimum cost performance." On the other hand, it also needs disk space to store a series of. Java
documents and. Class, as well as the corresponding versions of documents.
2. J2EE Development Framework
Java2 Enterprise Edition middleware unified ideology played a significant role. For example, J2EE for distributed transaction management, directory services and messaging services provide a standard programming interface. J2EE-based -Java2Standard Edition (J2SE), successfully access for Java provides a standard relational database.
But, as this article "J2EE programming of the lack of support", as mentioned, J2EEplatform does not provide a satisfactory application programming model. Sun and some of the major application server vendors wanted to use the development tools to reduce the complexity of J2EE development, but these tools are no other outstanding JAVA development tools, which have advanced refactoring tools, and. NET platform compared, J2EE tool support appeared to be very inferior.
Many J2EE development tools automatically generate the code for the same complex as the tools themselves. In many small-scale J2EE open source community developers chose another way of development - some can be difficult to reduce the development of J2EE development framework, the more popular such as: Struts, Hibernate, and Spring Framework, J2EE project types in many of today they play an important the role.
2.1 Spring Framework
The Spring Framework is an open source application framework for the Java platform.
The first version was written by Rod Johnson who released the framework with the publication of his book Expert One-on-One J2EE Design and Development in October 2002. The framework was first released under the Apache 2.0 license in June 2003. The first milestone release, 1.0, was released in March 2004, with further milestone releases in September 2004 and March 2005. The Spring 1.2.6 framework won a Jolt productivity award and a JAX Innovation Award in 2006. Spring 2.0 was released in October 2006, and Spring 2.5 in November 2007. In December 2009 version 3.0 GA was released. The current version is 3.0.5.
The core features of the Spring Framework can be used by any Java application, but there are extensions for building web applications on top of the Java EE platform.
Although the Spring Framework does not impose any specific programming model, it has become popular in the Java community as an alternative to, replacement for, or even addition to the Enterprise JavaBean (EJB) model.
Modules The Spring Framework comprises several modules that provide a range of services:
Inversion of Control container: configuration of application components and lifecycle management of Java objects
Aspect-oriented programming: enables implementation of cross-cutting routines Data access: working with relational database management systems on the Java platform using JDBC and object-relational mapping tools
Transaction management: unifies several transaction management APIs and coordinates transactions for Java objects
Model-view-controller: an HTTP and Servlet-based framework providing hooks for extension and customization
Remote Access framework: configurative RPC-style export and import of Java objects over networks supporting RMI, CORBA and HTTP-based protocols including web services (SOAP)
Convention-over-configuration: a rapid application development solution for Spring-based enterprise applications is offered in the Spring model.
Batch processing: a framework for high-volume processing featuring reusable functions including logging/tracing, transaction management, job processing statistics, job restart, skip, and resource management
Authentication and authorization: configurable security processes that support a range of standards, protocols, tools and practices via the Spring Security sub-project (formerly Acegi Security System for Spring).
Remote Management: configurative exposure and management of Java objects for local or remote configuration via JMX
Messaging: configurative registration of message listener objects for transparent message consumption from message queues via JMS, improvement of message sending over standard JMS APIs
Testing: support classes for writing unit tests and integration tests
Inversion of Control container Central to the Spring Framework is its Inversion of Control container, which provides a consistent means of configuring and managing Java objects using callbacks. The container is responsible for managing object
lifecycles: creating objects, calling initialization methods, and configuring objects by wiring them together.
Objects created by the container are also called Managed Objects or Beans. Typically, the container is configured by loading XML files containing Bean definitions which provide the information required to create the beans.
Objects can be obtained by means of Dependency lookup or Dependency injection. Dependency lookup is a pattern where a caller asks the container object for an object with a specific name or of a specific type. Dependency injection is a pattern where the container passes objects by name to other objects, via either constructors, properties, or factory methods.
In many cases it's not necessary to use the container when using other parts of the Spring Framework, although using it will likely make an application easier to configure and customize. The Spring container provides a consistent mechanism to configure applications and integrates with almost all Java environments, from small-scale applications to large enterprise applications.
The container can be turned into a partially-compliant EJB3 container by means of the Pitchfork project. The Spring Framework is criticized by some as not being standards compliant. However, Spring Source doesn't see EJB3 compliance as a major goal, and claims that the Spring Framework and the container allow for more powerful programming models.
Aspect-oriented programming framework The Spring Framework has its own AOP framework which modularizes cross-cutting concerns in aspects. The motivation for creating a separate AOP framework comes from the belief that it would be possible to provide basic AOP features without too much complexity in either design, implementation, or configuration. The SAOP framework also takes full advantage of the Spring Container.
The Spring AOP framework is interception based, and is configured at runtime. This removes the need for a compilation step or load-time weaving. On the other hand, interception only allows for public or protected method execution on existing objects at a join point.
Compared to the AspectJ framework, Spring AOP is less powerful but also less complicated. Spring 1.2 includes support to configure AspectJ aspects in the container. Spring 2.0 added more integration with AspectJ; for example, the pointcut language is reused and can be mixed with SpAOP-based aspects. Further, Spring 2.0 added a
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